A number spiral is an infinite grid whose upper-left square has number 1. Here are the first five layers of the spiral:

Your task is to find out the number in row y and column x.

Input

The first input line contains an integer t: the number of tests.

After this, there are t lines, each containing integers y and x.

Output

For each test, print the number in row y and column x.

Constraints

• 1 \le t \le 10^5
• 1 \le y,x \le 10^9

Example

Input:

3
2 3
1 1
4 2

Output:

8
1
15